Which are the causes of Chilblains (Perniosis)?

Chilblains, also known as perniosis, are a common condition characterized by painful, itchy, and swollen skin that occurs due to exposure to cold temperatures. The exact cause of chilblains is not fully understood, but several factors contribute to their development.

Cold Weather: Chilblains primarily occur in regions with cold climates. Exposure to cold temperatures, especially when combined with high humidity, is a significant trigger for chilblains. The sudden warming of cold skin, such as placing cold hands near a heat source, can also contribute to their formation.

Poor Circulation: Individuals with poor circulation are more susceptible to chilblains. When exposed to cold, the blood vessels in the skin constrict to conserve heat. In people with compromised circulation, this constriction can be excessive, leading to inadequate blood flow to the extremities. Insufficient blood flow hampers the body's ability to warm the affected areas, making them more prone to chilblains.

Sudden Temperature Changes: Rapid shifts in temperature can trigger chilblains. For example, moving from a cold outdoor environment to a warm indoor setting can cause blood vessels to expand quickly, leading to inflammation and the development of chilblains.

Genetic Factors: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to chilblains. Certain genetic variations can affect how the body responds to cold temperatures and regulate blood vessel constriction, making them more susceptible to developing chilblains.

Poorly Insulated Clothing: Inadequate protection against cold weather can increase the risk of chilblains. Wearing thin or damp clothing that does not provide sufficient insulation can leave the skin vulnerable to cold temperatures, making it more prone to developing chilblains.

Smoking: Smoking has been associated with an increased risk of chilblains. Nicotine, a chemical present in cigarettes, constricts blood vessels and impairs circulation, making smokers more susceptible to developing chilblains.

Gender and Age: Chilblains are more common in women than men, and they often affect individuals in their teenage years through middle age. Hormonal factors and differences in body composition may contribute to this gender and age disparity.

While chilblains can be uncomfortable and bothersome, they are typically not serious and can be managed with proper care. It is important to keep the affected areas warm, avoid scratching, and seek medical attention if symptoms worsen or persist.