Which are the causes of Laryngomalacia?

Causes of Laryngomalacia

Laryngomalacia is a common congenital condition that affects the larynx, or voice box, in infants. It is characterized by the inward collapse of the tissues of the larynx during breathing, leading to a variety of symptoms such as noisy breathing, stridor (a high-pitched sound during inhalation), and feeding difficulties. While the exact cause of laryngomalacia is not fully understood, several factors have been identified as potential contributors to the development of this condition.

1. Immaturity of the Laryngeal Structures

One of the primary causes of laryngomalacia is the immaturity of the laryngeal structures in infants. During fetal development, the larynx undergoes a complex process of growth and maturation. In some cases, the laryngeal cartilages may not fully develop or may be softer than usual, leading to the collapse of the tissues during breathing. This immaturity is more common in premature infants but can also occur in full-term babies.

2. Abnormal Nerve Control

Another potential cause of laryngomalacia is abnormal nerve control of the laryngeal muscles. The nerves that control the muscles of the larynx may not function properly, leading to weak or uncoordinated muscle movements. This can result in the collapse of the laryngeal tissues during breathing. The exact reasons for this abnormal nerve control are not well understood, but it may be related to developmental factors or genetic predisposition.

3. Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)

GERD, a condition characterized by the backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus, has also been associated with laryngomalacia. The acid reflux can irritate the tissues of the larynx, causing inflammation and swelling. This inflammation can contribute to the collapse of the laryngeal tissues during breathing. While GERD is not a direct cause of laryngomalacia, it can exacerbate the symptoms and make the condition more severe.

4. Genetic Factors

Genetic factors may play a role in the development of laryngomalacia. Studies have suggested that certain genetic mutations or abnormalities may contribute to the structural weakness of the laryngeal tissues or abnormal nerve control. However, more research is needed to fully understand the genetic basis of laryngomalacia.

5. Other Contributing Factors

In addition to the above causes, there are several other factors that may contribute to the development of laryngomalacia. These include:

• Premature birth


• Low birth weight


• Maternal smoking during pregnancy


• Exposure to certain medications or toxins during pregnancy

It is important to note that laryngomalacia is a complex condition with multiple potential causes, and often a combination of factors may be involved. Diagnosis and treatment should be carried out by qualified healthcare professionals who can assess the individual case and provide appropriate care.