What is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition that occurs when fluid builds up in the tiny, elastic air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs, preventing oxygen from reaching the bloodstream. This rapid-onset respiratory failure typically requires intensive care, mechanical ventilation, and specialized medical support to manage the underlying trigger.

What happens to the body during Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

In patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, the barrier between the blood vessels and the air sacs in the lungs becomes leaky. This allows fluid to fill the sacs, which are normally responsible for gas exchange. As a result, the body cannot get enough oxygen, leading to dangerously low levels in the blood (hypoxemia) and making it extremely difficult to breathe. While the lungs are the primary system affected, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome often occurs alongside systemic inflammation, which can place stress on other organs like the kidneys, heart, and liver.

Who is typically affected by Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome?

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome does not discriminate by age or gender, though it most commonly develops in individuals already hospitalized with severe underlying illnesses or injuries. It is estimated that there are approximately 10 to 86 cases per 100,000 people annually, depending on the population and diagnostic criteria used. Common triggers include:

• Severe pneumonia or viral infections (including COVID-19).


• Sepsis, which is the most common cause of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.


• Severe trauma, such as a major accident or chest injury.


• Aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs.


• Pancreatitis or other severe systemic inflammatory responses.

How is Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome classified?

Clinicians categorize Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome based on the severity of the oxygenation impairment, known as the Berlin Definition. This classification system measures the ratio of arterial oxygen tension to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2). It is divided into three categories of severity: mild, moderate, and severe. This grading helps medical teams determine the intensity of the respiratory support required, such as the level of pressure needed on a mechanical ventilator.

Next steps

• Seek immediate emergency medical attention if you or a loved one experience sudden, severe shortness of breath.


• Consult with a critical care specialist or pulmonologist for long-term recovery and lung function monitoring.


• Connect with the 46 members of the DiseaseMaps community who have experience living with or recovering from Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.


• Participate in pulmonary rehabilitation programs to regain lung capacity and physical strength post-hospitalization.

Medical disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

References

• NIH National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI): ARDS Overview


• Orphanet: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ORPHA:99949)


• American Thoracic Society (ATS): Patient Information Series on ARDS


• PubMed Central: The Berlin Definition of ARDS