What is Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that gradually destroys memory, thinking skills, and the ability to carry out simple tasks. It is the most common cause of dementia, characterized by the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits in the brain that disrupt communication between neurons.

What happens in the brain with Alzheimer's disease?

Alzheimer's disease primarily affects the central nervous system. As the disease progresses, brain cells are damaged and eventually die, leading to significant brain atrophy. This is driven by two key microscopic changes: the buildup of beta-amyloid "plaques" between nerve cells and the formation of "tau tangles" inside the cells. These structures interfere with the brain's ability to transmit signals, leading to the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer's disease.

How common is Alzheimer's disease?

Alzheimer's disease is highly prevalent, affecting an estimated 6.7 million Americans aged 65 and older. While it is rare for individuals under 65 to develop the condition (known as early-onset), it becomes increasingly common with advancing age. Current research identifies several key characteristics of the patient population:

• Age of onset: Most diagnoses occur after age 65, though early-onset cases can begin in a person's 30s, 40s, or 50s.


• Gender distribution: Women are statistically more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease than men, partly due to longer life expectancy.


• Prevalence: It accounts for 60% to 80% of all dementia cases globally.

How does Alzheimer's disease differ from other forms of dementia?

Unlike other forms of dementia, such as vascular dementia or Lewy body dementia, Alzheimer's disease typically follows a predictable pattern of cognitive decline, beginning with short-term memory loss. While other dementias may present with early movement disorders or fluctuating levels of alertness, Alzheimer's disease is distinct in its specific pathology of plaques and tangles.

Next steps

• Consult a neurologist or geriatrician to conduct a comprehensive cognitive and neurological evaluation.


• Connect with the 28 members currently sharing their experiences with Alzheimer's disease on DiseaseMaps.org to find peer support.


• Explore clinical trial opportunities through the NIH's Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers.

Medical disclaimer: This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment; always seek the advice of your physician regarding a medical condition.

References

• National Institute on Aging (NIA/NIH): Alzheimer's Disease Fact Sheet


• Alzheimer’s Association: 2023 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures


• Orphanet: Alzheimer disease (ORPHA:101019)


• NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)