What is Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a type of cancer that starts in the white blood cells called B-lymphocytes in the bone marrow and progresses slowly over time. It is characterized by the accumulation of incompetent, mature-looking lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen, which gradually crowd out healthy blood cells.

What exactly is Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a blood and bone marrow malignancy. While most leukemias are acute and progress rapidly, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is typically indolent, meaning it grows slowly. The disease affects the immune system, often leading to a weakened ability to fight infections because the cancerous B-cells do not function correctly.

Who is typically affected by Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common form of leukemia in adults in Western countries. It primarily affects older individuals, with a median age at diagnosis of approximately 70 years. It is rarely seen in children and is slightly more common in men than in women. While the exact cause is unknown, it is not considered a hereditary disease, though a family history may slightly increase individual risk.

How does Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) progress?

The pathophysiology of Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) involves the uncontrolled production of abnormal B-lymphocytes. These cells survive longer than they should and accumulate in various parts of the body. Key clinical features include:

• Lymphocytosis: An abnormally high count of lymphocytes in the blood.


• Lymphadenopathy: Swelling of the lymph nodes.


• Splenomegaly: An enlarged spleen caused by the accumulation of abnormal cells.


• Cytopenias: Reduced healthy red blood cells or platelets, leading to anemia or bruising.

What differentiates Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from other leukemias?

Unlike acute leukemias, which require immediate, aggressive treatment, Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is often managed with a "watch and wait" approach (active surveillance) in its early stages. Diagnosis is typically confirmed via flow cytometry, which identifies specific markers on the surface of the lymphocytes that distinguish Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) from other lymphomas or leukemias.

Next steps

• Consult a hematologist-oncologist to discuss your specific staging and genetic markers (such as IGHV mutation status).


• Join our community of 26 members at DiseaseMaps.org to connect with others sharing their experiences.


• Ask your doctor about clinical trials investigating targeted therapies like BTK inhibitors or BCL-2 inhibitors.

Medical disclaimer: This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice; always consult with a qualified healthcare professional regarding your diagnosis and treatment options.

References

• NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD): Chronic lymphocytic leukemia


• Orphanet: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (ORPHA:527)


• American Cancer Society: What is Chronic lymphocytic leukemia?


• Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS): Understanding CLL