Which are the causes of Multiple myeloma?

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow, but its exact cause remains unknown. While researchers have identified significant genetic and environmental risk factors that contribute to the development of Multiple myeloma, it is generally considered a condition that arises from complex, multi-step cellular changes rather than a single trigger.

What triggers the development of Multiple myeloma?

In Multiple myeloma, plasma cells—a type of white blood cell responsible for fighting infection—begin to grow uncontrollably and produce abnormal proteins called M-proteins. These cells crowd out healthy blood cells in the bone marrow. While we do not know the single "root cause," we understand that the process begins with a precursor state known as MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance), which evolves into Multiple myeloma over time due to accumulated genetic damage.

Are there specific genetic factors linked to Multiple myeloma?

Yes, Multiple myeloma is strongly associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Research indicates that nearly all patients with this condition have some form of genetic alteration within their plasma cells. Common genetic drivers include:

• Translocations: The swapping of segments between chromosomes (e.g., t(11;14)).


• Deletions: The loss of parts of chromosomes, such as the deletion of chromosome 13 or 17p.


• Hyperdiploidy: An increase in the total number of chromosomes within the malignant cells.

What is the difference between causes and risk factors?

A "cause" is a direct trigger, while a "risk factor" increases the likelihood of disease development. For Multiple myeloma, established risk factors include increasing age (average age at diagnosis is 69), male gender, African American descent, and a family history of plasma cell disorders. Unlike some cancers, Multiple myeloma is not typically inherited through a single gene passed from parent to child, though genetic predisposition is an active area of study.

Current research into the etiology of Multiple myeloma

Scientists are currently investigating the "bone marrow microenvironment"—the surrounding cells and signals that allow Multiple myeloma cells to thrive. By studying how these cells communicate with the immune system, researchers at DiseaseMaps.org and global institutes aim to develop targeted therapies that interrupt these growth signals.

Next steps

• Consult with a hematologist-oncologist to discuss your specific genetic profile.


• Join the 217 community members on DiseaseMaps.org to share experiences and find support.


• Stay updated on clinical trials through the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF).

Medical disclaimer: This content is for educational purposes only and does not constitute professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

References

• NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)


• Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF)


• Orphanet: Portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs


• American Cancer Society: Detailed Guide on Multiple Myeloma