Short answer · Medically reviewed summary · Last updated: 2026-04-07
Pheochromocytoma was first described in the medical literature in the late 19th century, with the term itself coined by Ludwig Pick in 1912 to describe the tumor's characteristic staining properties. Over the past century, understanding has shifted from viewing Pheochromocytoma as a fatal, often undiagnosed "great mimic" to a manageable condition driven by complex genetic pathways and advanced biochemical testing. When and how was Pheochromocytoma first described? The history of Pheochromocytoma begins in 1886 when Felix Fränkel described a young woman with paroxysmal palpitations, anxiety, and hypertension, who died suddenly.
3 people with Pheochromocytoma have shared their first-person experience on this question at DiseaseMaps.
What is the history of Pheochromocytoma?
History of Pheochromocytoma: when and how it was discovered, and the milestones in research since, medically reviewed.
Pheochromocytoma was first described in the medical literature in the late 19th century, with the term itself coined by Ludwig Pick in 1912 to describe the tumor's characteristic staining properties. Over the past century, understanding has shifted from viewing Pheochromocytoma as a fatal, often undiagnosed "great mimic" to a manageable condition driven by complex genetic pathways and advanced biochemical testing.
When and how was Pheochromocytoma first described?
The history of Pheochromocytoma begins in 1886 when Felix Fränkel described a young woman with paroxysmal palpitations, anxiety, and hypertension, who died suddenly. An autopsy revealed bilateral adrenal tumors. The name Pheochromocytoma—derived from the Greek phaios (dusky), chroma (color), and kytos (cell)—was introduced by Ludwig Pick in 1912 because of the tumor cells' ability to stain dark brown when exposed to chromium salts. For many years, these tumors were often discovered only during autopsies, as clinical recognition remained poor.
How has our understanding of Pheochromocytoma evolved?
Early clinicians struggled to link the tumor to the systemic "storm" of symptoms patients experienced. The breakthrough came in the 1940s and 1950s when researchers identified that Pheochromocytoma cells secrete catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine). This discovery transformed the condition from a mysterious endocrine curiosity into a biochemical disease that could be measured in urine and blood. With 165 members currently sharing their experiences on DiseaseMaps.org, we have seen firsthand how the patient community has moved from isolated confusion to an era of informed, personalized care.
What were the major milestones in treatment and diagnosis?
The management of Pheochromocytoma has undergone a revolution, shifting from high-risk exploratory surgery to precision medicine. Key historical milestones include:
- 1920s: The first successful surgical removal of a Pheochromocytoma was performed by Charles Mayo.
- 1950s: The introduction of alpha-adrenergic blocking agents (like phentolamine) drastically reduced surgical mortality, which was previously as high as 30-50%.
- 1980s: The development of MIBG scintigraphy allowed for the functional imaging of tumors, making it easier to locate extra-adrenal growths.
- 2000s–Present: Advances in genetic screening have revealed that up to 30-40% of Pheochromocytoma cases are hereditary, linked to mutations in genes like VHL, RET, and SDHB.
How did modern genetics change the diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma?
Previously, Pheochromocytoma was often misdiagnosed as simple anxiety or essential hypertension. Today, we understand that these tumors are frequently part of inherited syndromes, such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) type 2 or Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. This genetic insight has shifted the focus from merely "removing the tumor" to comprehensive family screening and lifelong surveillance, ensuring that carriers of genetic mutations receive early intervention before tumors become symptomatic or malignant.
Next steps
- Consult an endocrinologist or a specialized surgeon with experience in adrenal disorders.
- Request genetic counseling if you have been diagnosed with Pheochromocytoma to assess for hereditary syndromes.
- Connect with the 165 members on DiseaseMaps.org to share experiences and find emotional support from others navigating this rare condition.
- Monitor blood pressure and catecholamine levels as directed by your clinical team.
Medical disclaimer: This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment; always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions regarding a medical condition.
References
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) - Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD).
- Orphanet: Portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs.
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): Database of human genes and genetic disorders.
- PubMed: National Library of Medicine clinical literature on neuroendocrine tumors.
Posted Jul 5, 2018 by Anderson 2550
Within a few he had passed. At autopsy the tumor was found. The doctor was so interested he started researching...in the days before computers.
Posted Jul 5, 2018 by Helen 2500
Posted Jul 11, 2018 by Eme lou 3000
