Which are the causes of Sjogren?

The exact cause of Sjögren’s remains unknown, but it is classified as a systemic autoimmune disease where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own moisture-producing glands.

The Autoimmune Mechanism

In Sjögren’s, the body’s defense system—specifically lymphocytes (white blood cells)—infiltrates the exocrine glands, such as the lacrimal (tear) and salivary glands. Think of your immune system like a security team that has become confused; instead of protecting the house from intruders, it begins dismantling the plumbing and internal fixtures. This results in the hallmark symptoms of severe dryness, inflammation, and potential damage to other organs, including the nervous and digestive systems.

Genetic and Environmental Factors

Current research indicates that Sjögren’s arises from a complex interaction between genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. While there is no single "Sjögren’s gene," certain variations in the HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) complex, which helps the immune system distinguish "self" from "non-self," are known to increase susceptibility. However, genetics alone are rarely enough to trigger the disease. Environmental factors—such as viral infections (e.g., Epstein-Barr virus or Coxsackie virus), hormonal shifts, or chronic stress—are suspected to act as "triggers" that set the autoimmune process into motion in those who are genetically vulnerable.

Understanding Etiology

It is vital to distinguish between a cause and a risk factor. A cause is the direct mechanism leading to the disease, whereas a risk factor increases the likelihood of development. Because the etiology of Sjögren’s is multifactorial, scientists are currently utilizing large-scale genomic studies and molecular research to identify specific biological pathways that could be targeted for future therapies. We are still learning why the immune system shifts from a protective state to a destructive one, making this a very active area of medical investigation.

Medical Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your rheumatologist or other qualified health provider with any questions regarding your medical condition.

References

• NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)


• Orphanet: The portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs


• Sjögren's Foundation (sjogrens.org)


• Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)