Which are the causes of Testicular cancer?

TL;DR: The exact cause of testicular cancer remains unknown, though it is understood to arise from the malignant transformation of germ cells. While there is no single known trigger, the development of testicular cancer is strongly associated with specific risk factors like cryptorchidism (undescended testicles) and a family history of the disease.

What causes testicular cancer to develop?

In most cases, testicular cancer begins when healthy cells in the testicle develop changes in their DNA. These mutations instruct the cells to continue dividing when new cells are not needed, resulting in a mass of cells known as a tumor. Researchers are still investigating the precise molecular mechanisms that initiate this process, but it is clear that testicular cancer is not caused by injury, lifestyle habits, or physical strain.

What are the known risk factors for testicular cancer?

While the root cause is not fully understood, medical science has identified several factors that increase an individual's susceptibility to testicular cancer. It is important to distinguish between "causes" (the direct mechanism) and "risk factors" (associations that increase the likelihood of disease):

• Cryptorchidism: Men born with an undescended testicle have a significantly higher risk of developing testicular cancer.


• Family History: Having a father or brother who has had testicular cancer increases your relative risk.


• Personal History: If you have already been diagnosed with testicular cancer in one testicle, there is a slightly higher risk of developing it in the other.


• Age and Ethnicity: Testicular cancer is most common in men aged 15 to 35, and it is more frequent in Caucasian men compared to other ethnic groups.

Is there a genetic component to testicular cancer?

Genetic research indicates that while testicular cancer is not strictly an inherited condition, there are hereditary patterns. Specific genes, such as those within the 12p chromosome region, are often amplified in germ cell tumors. Current research is ongoing to identify polygenic risk scores that might help predict who is at a higher risk, though routine genetic testing is not currently standard clinical practice.

Next steps

• Perform regular testicular self-exams to become familiar with what is normal for your body.


• Consult a urologist if you notice any painless lumps, swelling, or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum.


• Join our community at DiseaseMaps.org to connect with others who have navigated a testicular cancer diagnosis.

Medical disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

References

• NIH National Cancer Institute (NCI) - Testicular Cancer PDQ


• American Cancer Society - What Causes Testicular Cancer?


• Orphanet: Germ cell tumor of the testis


• Testicular Cancer Research Foundation (TCRF)