How do I know if I have Testicular cancer?

Testicular cancer typically presents as a painless lump or swelling in one testicle, often accompanied by a feeling of heaviness or dull ache in the scrotum or lower abdomen. If you notice a persistent change in the size, shape, or texture of your testicles, you should consult a healthcare provider promptly for a physical examination and ultrasound, as early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes.

What are the common signs of testicular cancer?

Most men discover testicular cancer through self-examination. While it is normal for one testicle to be slightly larger or hang lower than the other, you should be vigilant for specific changes. Symptoms that warrant professional evaluation include:

• A painless lump or nodule on the testicle (often pea-sized).


• A noticeable increase in the firmness or hardness of a testicle.


• A dull ache or sensation of "heaviness" in the scrotum, groin, or lower abdomen.


• Sudden accumulation of fluid in the scrotum (hydrocele).


• Unexplained tenderness or growth in breast tissue (gynecomastia), which can occur due to hormonal changes associated with some types of testicular cancer.

When should I see a doctor and what tests are used?

If you identify a persistent change, schedule an appointment with your primary care physician or a urologist. When speaking with them, be direct: "I have discovered a change in my testicle and am concerned about testicular cancer; I would like a physical exam and imaging." Physicians typically use a scrotal ultrasound as the gold standard to differentiate between a benign cyst and a suspicious mass. They may also order blood tests to check for tumor markers like AFP, beta-hCG, and LDH, which are often elevated in testicular cancer cases.

What are the red flags requiring urgent care?

While testicular cancer is highly treatable, seek urgent medical attention if you experience sudden, severe pain, significant scrotal swelling, or if you feel a hard mass that does not change over time. If your primary doctor dismisses your concerns, do not hesitate to seek a second opinion from a urologist, as testicular cancer is most successfully treated when caught early.

Next steps

• Perform monthly testicular self-exams to become familiar with your baseline anatomy.


• Connect with the 4 members of the DiseaseMaps.org community who have navigated testicular cancer.


• Request a referral to a urologist if your initial physical exam is inconclusive.

Medical disclaimer: This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment; always seek the advice of your physician regarding any medical condition.

References

• National Cancer Institute (NCI) - Testicular Cancer Overview


• American Cancer Society - Signs and Symptoms of Testicular Cancer


• NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases (GARD) Information Center


• Testicular Cancer Foundation