What is Testicular cancer

Testicular cancer is a malignancy that originates in the testicles, the male reproductive glands responsible for producing sperm and testosterone. While it is a rare form of cancer overall, it is the most common solid tumor diagnosed in men between the ages of 15 and 35, and it is highly treatable when detected early.

What causes testicular cancer?

Testicular cancer occurs when cells in the testicles begin to grow abnormally and uncontrollably, forming a mass or tumor. The vast majority of cases (over 90%) are classified as germ cell tumors, which develop from the cells that produce sperm. Researchers are still investigating the exact triggers, but known risk factors include cryptorchidism (an undescended testicle), a family history of the disease, and certain genetic predispositions.

How is testicular cancer classified?

Clinicians categorize testicular cancer into two primary types based on the appearance of the cells under a microscope:

• Seminomas: These tend to grow more slowly and are typically found in men in their 30s and 40s.


• Non-seminomas: These are more common in younger men, grow more rapidly, and are often composed of a mixture of different cell types.

Who is typically affected by testicular cancer?

While testicular cancer is considered rare, accounting for approximately 1% of all cancers in men, its incidence has been increasing globally. It most frequently affects adolescents and young adults. Unlike many other malignancies, testicular cancer has an exceptionally high survival rate, with 5-year relative survival rates exceeding 95% when diagnosed at a localized stage.

How does it differ from other conditions?

Unlike benign conditions such as hydroceles (fluid buildup) or epididymitis (inflammation), testicular cancer typically presents as a painless, firm lump or swelling within the scrotum. Because it is highly responsive to chemotherapy and radiation, even cases that have spread beyond the testicle often have a favorable prognosis compared to many other types of adult cancers.

Next steps

• Perform regular testicular self-exams to become familiar with what is "normal" for your body.


• Consult a urologist immediately if you discover a new lump, swelling, or persistent dull ache in the scrotum.


• Connect with the Testicular cancer community at DiseaseMaps.org to share experiences with others who understand the journey.

Medical disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

References

• National Cancer Institute (NCI) – Testicular Cancer Overview


• American Cancer Society – Key Statistics for Testicular Cancer


• NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)


• Orphanet – Rare Disease Database