What is Empty Sella Syndrome

Empty Sella Syndrome is a condition where the sella turcica—the bony structure at the base of the skull that houses the pituitary gland—appears empty or flattened on imaging because it has filled with cerebrospinal fluid. While many people with Empty Sella Syndrome remain asymptomatic, others may experience hormonal imbalances or vision changes depending on how much the pituitary gland is compressed.

What causes Empty Sella Syndrome?

The condition occurs when the diaphragma sellae (a fold of the membrane covering the brain) is incomplete or incompetent, allowing cerebrospinal fluid to enter the sella turcica. This pressure flattens the pituitary gland against the bony walls. Empty Sella Syndrome is classified into two types: primary, which occurs without a clear underlying cause, and secondary, which results from damage to the pituitary gland due to surgery, radiation, or trauma.

Who is most affected by Empty Sella Syndrome?

Empty Sella Syndrome is often an incidental finding during brain imaging for unrelated issues. Research suggests it is more common in women, particularly those who are obese or have high blood pressure. While exact global prevalence is difficult to determine because many cases go undiagnosed, some studies suggest it may be present in up to 5% to 20% of the general population in autopsy or imaging studies.

What are the primary clinical features?

While many individuals are asymptomatic, clinical manifestations of Empty Sella Syndrome may include:

• Headaches, which are a frequently reported symptom.


• Endocrine dysfunction, such as irregular menstruation or fatigue caused by pituitary hormone deficiencies.


• Visual field defects, occurring if the optic chiasm is pulled into the sella turcica.


• Increased intracranial pressure in some cases.

How is Empty Sella Syndrome diagnosed and managed?

Diagnosis is typically confirmed via MRI or CT scans. Because Empty Sella Syndrome is often benign, the focus is on monitoring hormonal function and addressing specific symptoms rather than the appearance of the sella itself. At DiseaseMaps.org, 15 community members have shared their experiences, highlighting the importance of personalized care plans.

Next steps

• Consult an endocrinologist to assess pituitary hormone levels.


• Schedule an appointment with an ophthalmologist if you experience vision changes.


• Join the Empty Sella Syndrome community at DiseaseMaps.org to connect with others sharing their health journeys.

Medical disclaimer: This content is for informational purposes only and does not constitute professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

References

• NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)


• Orphanet: Portal for rare diseases and orphan drugs


• OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man)


• Pituitary Foundation clinical resources