Which are the symptoms of Melioidosis?

Symptoms of Melioidosis

Melioidosis is a potentially life-threatening infectious disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. It is primarily found in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia, but cases have been reported in other parts of the world as well. The symptoms of melioidosis can vary widely depending on the severity of the infection and the organs affected.

Acute Melioidosis:

In acute cases, the symptoms of melioidosis can develop rapidly, typically within 1-21 days after exposure to the bacteria. The initial signs may resemble those of pneumonia or sepsis, making diagnosis challenging. Some of the common symptoms include:

• Fever: Persistent high fever is a hallmark symptom of melioidosis. The fever may be intermittent or continuous and can reach as high as 40°C (104°F).


• Chest pain: Many patients experience chest pain, which can be sharp or dull in nature. It may worsen with deep breathing or coughing.


• Cough: A persistent cough with or without sputum production is often present. The sputum may be blood-tinged in severe cases.


• Difficulty breathing: Shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and wheezing may occur due to lung involvement.


• Abdominal pain: Some individuals may experience abdominal pain, which can range from mild discomfort to severe cramping.


• Joint pain: Joint pain, especially in the larger joints like knees and ankles, is a common symptom of melioidosis.


• Headache: Persistent headaches, often accompanied by neck stiffness, can occur in some cases.


• Confusion: Severe melioidosis can affect the central nervous system, leading to confusion, disorientation, and even coma.

Chronic Melioidosis:

In some cases, melioidosis can present as a chronic infection with milder symptoms that develop over a longer period, sometimes even years. The symptoms may come and go, making diagnosis more challenging. Common symptoms of chronic melioidosis include:

• Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss is often observed in chronic cases of melioidosis.


• Fever: Low-grade fever or recurrent fever may occur intermittently.


• Joint pain: Chronic joint pain, similar to acute melioidosis, can be present.


• Respiratory symptoms: Chronic cough, chest discomfort, and shortness of breath may persist.


• Skin infections: Skin ulcers, abscesses, or other skin infections may develop in chronic cases.

Disseminated Melioidosis:

In severe cases, melioidosis can spread throughout the body, leading to a condition called disseminated melioidosis. This form of the disease can affect multiple organs and is associated with a higher mortality rate. Symptoms may include:

• Multiple organ involvement: Disseminated melioidosis can affect various organs, including the lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, brain, and skin.


• Septic shock: The infection can lead to septic shock, a life-threatening condition characterized by low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, and organ failure.


• Encephalitis: In some cases, melioidosis can cause inflammation of the brain, leading to symptoms such as seizures, altered consciousness, and neurological deficits.

If you suspect you may have melioidosis or have been exposed to the bacteria, it is crucial to seek medical attention immediately. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment with antibiotics are essential to improve outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.