Short answer · Medically reviewed summary · Last updated: 2026-05-08
Spina bifida is a complex neural tube defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord do not form properly during early fetal development. It is characterized by an opening in the spinal column that can lead to varying degrees of paralysis, sensory loss, and complications such as hydrocephalus, requiring lifelong multidisciplinary medical management. What are the primary systems affected by Spina bifida? Because Spina bifida involves the incomplete closure of the spinal cord, it impacts multiple physiological systems.
What is Spina bifida
What is Spina bifida? Plain-language, medically reviewed definition plus the lived reality told by patients.
Spina bifida is a complex neural tube defect that occurs when the spine and spinal cord do not form properly during early fetal development. It is characterized by an opening in the spinal column that can lead to varying degrees of paralysis, sensory loss, and complications such as hydrocephalus, requiring lifelong multidisciplinary medical management.
What are the primary systems affected by Spina bifida?
Because Spina bifida involves the incomplete closure of the spinal cord, it impacts multiple physiological systems. The nervous system is the primary site of the lesion, which often results in damage to the nerves that control the muscular and skeletal systems. Common systemic impacts include:
- Nervous System: Potential for hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain) and neurological impairment.
- Skeletal System: Curvature of the spine (scoliosis) and joint deformities.
- Muscular System: Varying degrees of muscle weakness or paralysis in the lower limbs.
- Urinary System: Neurogenic bladder dysfunction, requiring specialized urological care.
How is Spina bifida classified?
Spina bifida is generally categorized into three main types based on the severity of the spinal opening:
- Spina bifida occulta: The mildest form, often symptomless, where the spinal cord remains protected.
- Meningocele: A moderate form where the protective membranes (meninges) push through the opening in the vertebrae.
- Myelomeningocele: The most severe and common form, where a portion of the spinal cord and nerves protrude through the opening.
Who is typically affected by this condition?
Spina bifida is a congenital condition, meaning it is present from birth. Prevalence varies globally, but in the United States, it affects approximately 1,400 to 1,500 babies born each year. While the exact cause remains a subject of ongoing research, it is understood to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as maternal folic acid deficiency during pregnancy. Currently, 207 people with Spina bifida have joined the DiseaseMaps.org community to share their lived experiences and clinical journeys.
Next steps
- Consult with a specialized care team, including a neurosurgeon, urologist, and orthopedist.
- Connect with the 207 members of our community at DiseaseMaps.org to share resources and support.
- Maintain a consistent schedule of physical therapy to support muscular and skeletal health.
Medical disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
References
- NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)
- Orphanet (ORPHA:3199)
- Spina Bifida Association (SBA)
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM #182940)
